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ANSWER KEY TO UNIT 8 REVIEW SHEET:
1. No, Yes
2. Competition, fighting, one can outcompete and eliminate the other
3. Recycle nutrients and matter, decomposers
4. 3 (Include the producers); grasses, shrubs; rabbit, insect, deer,seed-eating birds, or gophers; insect-eating birds or hawks
5. Energy is lost at each level
6. Species that exhibit more than expected impact on the ecosystem, anchors of the stability of the ecosystem, if removed, the whole ecosystem collapses. Species that have a more than normal effect on stability of ecosystem, if they are removed, the whole system falls apart
7. It is the S like curve; The carrying capacity is the line which the population fluctuates above and below; Limiting factors appear in the middle of the upward line of exponential growth when the slope starts to slow down (go to the right instead of straight up)
8. Any weather-related event, ex: earthquake, fire (I think I meant density-independent limiting factor)
9. Bacteria
10. Organic compounds also known as food (carbs, proteins, fats)
11.Ecological succession
12. Increases
13. Climax community is established but undergoes catastrophic event like fire but doesn’t start over from nothing, seeds and soil still exist and will rebuild to a new climax community
14. Opportunistic, exponential growth, many offspring, no parental care, population crashes, set up environment for k species (ex: bacteria, insects)
15. Stable population at carrying capacity, logistic growth, few offspring, extensive parental care Ex: elephants, humans, dogs
16. Warning coloration
17. Look at your notes
18. Type 1, die of old age Type 2, die at steady rate at all ages Type 3, most die in childhood- Look at notes too
19. Maximum Growth potential under ideal conditions
20. Maximum number the environment can support
21. Clumped, uniform, or random
22. Where an organism lives
23. The role an organism plays in the environment
24. Bottom is producers, then going up, primary consumers, secondary consumers, etc.
25. Exponential growth (J curve)
26. Global warming: CO2, burning fossil fuels, higher temperatures and sea level rising, Acid Rain: Nitrogen and Sulfur dioxides, factory emissions, lowers pH of lakes killing fish, Ozone depletion: CFC’s, spraying of aerosol cans (Old ones), lets in more UV radiation and makes skin cancer go up
27. Mullerian: all species have the same defense, (Ex: stinging) and they all look alike EX: honey bee and bumble bee Batesian: One species has the defense but the other species does NOT but because it looks like the one with the defense, it is left alone EX: monarch and viceroy butterfly
28. No
29. Yes, no natural predators and can outcompete the native species for resources
30. Dark
31. Biotic- living; abiotic- non living
32. No; yes
33. They stretch or elongate more
34. Less complex
35. A series of innate behavior patterns that once started, must continue to completion, in response to a specific stimulus, results in historically successful solution to a common problem
36. No
37. Successful proven solution to the specific problem, ensures survival so they can reproduce
38. If an egg rolls out of the nest, the graylag goose will use her beak to roll it back in
39. When a behavior is rewarded with something enjoyable so it is repeated
40. When a behavior causes an unwanted response so it is not repeated
41. Positive; negative
42. Classical
43. Imprinting
44. Where an organism can actually live (reality of the situation); where the organism could live if nothing got in its way (Fun one)
45. True
46. Photoperiodism
47. Mutualism
48. Body temperature changes with the environment; body temperature stays constant
49. False
50. Can travel over long distances
51. Limits fighting which limits risk of injury and increases chance of reproducing
52. It allows the ants to follow a trail of food which increases chance of survival and reproducing
53. Left one is inactive; right one is active, left one is Pr and Right one is Pfr
54. True
55.False
56. True
57. When an animal defends and marks its territory to warn others away; keeps an area for the animal to find food, shelter, and mates which increases chance of reproduction and fitness
58. Seemingly unselfish behavior where an animal puts itself at risk to warn closely related individuals. It increases fitness by getting genes shared by family members into the next generation.
59. If it was successful place for the individual’s parents, then it will be successful for them and ensure their reproduction and survival of offspring.
60. More vigilance, protection, can hunt larger prey
61. The dominant male silverback gorilla gets first food and mates, all other gorillas know their status ranking in the group so they don’t fight every time they get food or want to mate. Thisensures the successful genes of the silverback make it into the next generation. If the gorillas are attacked, the silverback will be first to defend the group.
62. 10%
63. Long day is really short night so No; Yes: Yes, Short day is really long night so yes; no; no
AP Biology Answer Key for Unit 7 Part 1 Evolution (Natural Selection and HW)
1. p is the frequency of the dominant allele, q is the frequency of the recessive allele, p2 is the % of population that is homozygous dominant, q2 is the % of population that is homozygous recessive, 2pq is the % of population that is heterozygous
2. 47%
3. q = .44 and p = .56
4. 95%
5. reproductive success
6. heterozygote advantage
7. founder effect
8. Hardy-Weinberg
9. natural selection, survival of the fittest
10. genetic drift
11. balanced polymorphism
12. gene pool
13. no
14. no mutations, no migrations, random reproduction, large population, no natural selection
15. bottleneck
16. no
17. remain the same
18. no
19. he could not explain why variations existed or how traits were passed to offspring
20. random
21. no
22. when a small group breaks off from the original population and moves to a new location but the gene frequencies of the small group are very different from the original, Amish community and polydactylism
23. random elimination of alleles from gene pool, small
24. AA- does not get sca but 50% chance of dying of malaria
Aa- does not get sca and resistant to malaria
aa- 100% chance of dying of sca but does not get malaria
25. yes, it is being favored in the heterozygote because of malaria resistance
26. no, there is no malaria so no heterozygote advantage and the allele is only selected against
27. Directional - arrows on one end pushes it to opposite end
Stabilizing - arrows on both extremes and graph goes up in middle
Disruptive - arrows in middle and graph goes up at each end and down in
middle
28. homologous- structures that are similar in development and pattern and infer a common ancestor ex: bird wing, bat wing
analogous- structures in unrelated organisms that are similar because they share an environment and it is favorable in that environment ex: whale flipper and penguin flipper
vestigial - structures that are nonfunctioning but once functioned in ancestors ex: appendix
29. when humans choose organisms to mate to achieve desired traits, ex: racehorses and breeds of dogs
30. peppered moths changing from light to dark
31. birth weight in humans
32. male peacocks are colorful and female peacocks are brown
AP Biology Answer Key for Unit 6 Part 2 Gene Expression & Regulation Review Sheet
1. Promoter, Operator, Structural Genes
2. Bacteria (Prokayrotes)
3. Repressor
4. RNA Polymerase
5. Repressor
6. 3 enzymes in the metabolic pathway to break down lactose
7. Look at your notes. The order is Promoter, Operator, Structural genes; RNA polymerase binds to promoter and repressor binds to the operator.
8. Look at your notes. The repressor should be off the operator and the RNA polymerase should be attached to the promoter.
9. Look at your notes. The repressor should be attached to the operator and the RNA polymerase should not be attached.
10. off
11. methylation
12. miRNA
13. siRNA
14. On; building
15. heterochromatin; no
16. initation
17. low; long
18. frameshift
19. silent
20. Freedom of the third base; you can change the 3rd base without changing the amino acid.
21. when a stop codon appears in the middle of the mRNA and the protein is not completed
22. no; yes; yes
23. off
24. mutations
25. STR's
26. splices out introns
27. alternative splicing of the introns: different snRNP's will splice out different sections resulting in different protein products
28. different cells use different parts (genes) of the DNA
29. RNA polymerase cannot "read" it
30. Calico cats have XYXB. If the yellow gene is the Barr body (tightly coiled), then the fur will be black. If the black gene is the Barr body, then the fur will be yellow.
31. Look at your notes. Translocation is when a piece breaks off and attaches to nonhomologous chromosome. Duplication is when a piece breaks off and attaches to a homologous chromosome. Inversion is when a piece breaks off, rotates 180 degrees and reattaches. Deletion is when a piece breaks off and is "lost". (does not reattach)
32. A vector is a way to get something into another thing
33. restriction enzyme
34. cut DNA at specific sites
35. separates fragments based on size and charge
36. plasmid
37. links DNA fragments together
38. make millions of copies of a specific DNA segment
39. electricity
40. towards the negative pole
41. towards the positive pole
42. small
43. small
44. yes
45. smallest fragments are farthest from the wells, largest near the wells
46. size (length) and charge
47. negative; phosphate groups
48. double stranded DNA --> single stranded DNA (Hydrogen bonds holding the 2 strands together are broken)
49. heat insensitive (can work at high temperatures)
50. unique pieces of DNA
51. southern blotting
52. attach the specific pieces of the DNA
53. Look at your packet pages 15 and 16.
54. DNA nucleoties - building blocks of DNA: DNA primers - give enzyme something to build off of and mark start of gene: DNA polymerase (Taq) - enzyme that builds new DNA
55. DNA is denatured
56. DNA primers attach
57. DNA polymerase builds new strands of DNA
58. make millions of copies of a specific piece of DNA
59. Look at notes; Here are some highlights (use can include drawings): Both genes (human and plasmid) are cut with same restriction enzyme at specific sites creating complementary sticky ends. DNA ligase seals the two genes together. This new DNA created is called recombinant DNA, rDNA.
60. Induce competence means to get bacteria willing to pick up foreign DNA (plasmids). It does this by making the membrane more permeable. Add CaCl2 and a cold-hot-cold shock to the host bacteria. If a bacteria picks up the plasmid, it is called competent.
61. Attach an ampicillin resistant gene to the human insulin gene. Ampicillin is an antibiotic that kills normal wild type bacteria. Put bacteria on a plate with agar and ampicillin. If the bacteria pick up the plasmid, then it will survive the ampicillin on the plate, live and form a colony. If the bacteria did not pick up a plasmid, then they will die from the ampicillin.
62. Look at your notes. Ex: bacteria that "eat" oil spills, creating of medicine like insulin, etc.
63. Look at your notes. Ex: biological warfare
AP Biology Answer Key for Unit 6 Part 1 Gene Expression & Regulation Review Sheet
1. phosphate
2. hydrogen
3. base
4. attached to phosphate
5. hydrogen bonds between the bases
6. VAL-LEU-ARG
7. yes
8. DNA polymerase III
9. DNA ligase
10. DNA polymerase III
11. True
12. The new strand of DNA contains one strand from the parent and one new strand
13. translation
14. transcription
15. RNA
16. Reverse transcription
17. 30%
18. UGC
19. CGA
20. transcription
21. base
22. Look at your notes for help Ex: not transcribed strand- C RNA - C Transcribed strand - G
23. tRNA
24. G cap and poly-A tail
25. helicase
26. 300
27. yes, yes, yes, no , yes
28. translation
29. see packet mRNA - long strip of bases; tRNA - sort of t shaped and carry amino acids; rRNA - small and large subunit that make up the ribosome; Amino acid- attached to top of tRNA; polypeptide - the growing chain of amino acids joined together
30. The chain of amino acids that are joined together
31. proteins
32. nucleus
33. Look at pages 1-3 in your homework packet. Remember that DNA builds 5' to 3'. The arrows never point in the same directions
34. Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA, ATP)
35. 3 stop, MET
36. codons
37. anticodons
38. RNA primers are laid down for DNA polymerase to build off of
39. Look at your notes for help. Lagging strand has the Okazaki fragments, leading strand builds continuously towards the fork, the fork is where the strands are splitting
40. 5' to 3'
41. the RNA nucleotides are removed and replaced with DNA nucleotides
42. Hopefully yes!!
43. builds the new strands of DNA
44. proofreads and corrects errors
45. breaks the hydrogen bonds between the bonds and opens the helix
46. seals the fragments together
47. prevents the coiling of the DNA, keeps the helix open
48. builds the RNA primer
49. transfers amino acids to the ribosome
50. makes up the ribosome, is the site of protein synthesis
51. carries the message (genetic code), contains the instructions on how to build proteins
52. 5'
53. it breaks off from the ribosome
54. peptide
55. translation
AP Biology Answer Key for Unit 4 Cell Communication & Cell Cycle
1. the most
2. sister chromatids
3. Sister chromatids
4. transduction
5. kinases
6. destroy cells that could become cancerous, stop the spread of viruses, to allow the organism to take shape (embryonic development), destroy cells with abnormal DNA
7. yes
8. apoptosis and mitosis
9. yes
10. bacteria secrete a local signal to determine the population density of bacteria in that area so that a sufficient density is present before toxin is released; this ensures a successful response because one bacteria by itself is not sufficient
11. ligands; signals
12. when the receptor changes shape after a ligand (signal) binds to it
13. insulin lowers blood sugar; glucagon raises blood sugar
14. Liver is a target organ for insulin and makes the liver store excess glucose as glycogen; Liver is a target organ for glucagon and makes the liver break down glycogen to release the stored glucose
15. same
16. diploid
17. N, 2N
18. 20
19. M, G1, S, G2
20. S
21. M
22. G1, S, G2
23. kinases
24. destroyed
25. matching like puzzle pieces
26. Proto-oncogenes
27. Oncogenes
28. NO
29. bind to kinases and prevent kinases from binding to cylcins, activate repair enzymes, cause apoptosis
30. G receptors activate only one response pathway, tyrosine kinase receptors activate multiple response pathways
31. Labor: Signal is baby's head pushing on cervix, hormone is oxytocin, response is stronger muscle contractions of uterus, endpoint is birth
32. Fruit ripening: Ethylene is hormone, response is softening of fruit, endpoint is fruit falls off the tree
33. Negative
34. Positive
35. sweat, blood vessels dialate
36. go swimming, go into A/C
37. shiver, goosebumps
38. put on warmer clothes, build a fire
39. Look at G protein receptors, Tyrosine kinase receptors, and ligand gated channel receptors.
AP Biology Answer Key for Unit 3 Part 2 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
- CO2 + H2O + Sunlight à Glucose + O2
- Sun
- ATP and NADPH
- H2O
- Reflect
- ATP and NADPH
- ATP, NADPH, and O2
- light; dark
- Calvin (Who can take CO2………. And turn it into glucose (candy)?)
- O2
- PGAL or glucose
- NADPH
- CO2
- Blue and Red
- Solar energy into chemical bond energy of organic compounds (food)
- Light reactions
- Thylakoid membranes of the grana in the chloroplast
- H2O
- No
- High, low
- H2O
- Glucose + O2 --> H2O + CO2 + ATP
- When your muscles run out of O2 and you go into anaerobic respiration and produce lactic acid
- 36
- Glycolysis
- Kreb’s cycle
- Glycolysis
- ETS
- Anaerobic
- O2
- 3
- 2
- H+
- Future energy
- Yes
- CO2
- Membranes (thylakoid – photosynthesis and cristae – cellular respiration)
- Chemiosmosis
- Glycolysis
- Anaerobic respiration (fermentation)
- Kreb’s cycle
- Photosystems
- sun, glucose, ATP
Answer Key to Unit 3 Part 1 Energy & Enzymes Review Sheet
1. they denature and stop working
2. they denature and stop working
3. increases up to a point and then decreases
4. increases up to a point and then levels off (stays the same)
5. yes
6. 8
7. heat
8. ADP and P
9. energy needed to run reactions, ADP and P
10. reactant (substrate); product
11. active site
12. allosteric site
13. bind to active sites and never let go
14. yes
15. kinases phosphorylate proteins and activate them (put a phosphate on them)
16. they denature (lose their shape) and stop working
17. Running 2 reactions together; links exergonic(energy releasing) reactions to an endergonic (energy requiring) reaction
18. speed up
19. unorganized
20. lowers it
21. Energy of activation is lower with an enzyme and should be a curve under the orginal curve
22. yes
23. high
24. increasing
25. the enzymes present in the cell
26. Temperature increases up to a point and then decreases; pH varies but each enzyme has an optimal range on only part of the pH scale; substrate concentration increases up to a point and then levels off (stays the same)
27. Rate increases up to a point (body temperature 37) and then decreases and stops
28. A--> B --> C --> D --> E Substrates and reactants [A, B, C, D] Products [B, C, D, E] Enzymes (each arrow E1, E2, E3, E4)
29. 50; all 3 things must add up to energy in (100) so 30 + 20 + X = 100 {X=50}
30. end product (Happy Cake)
31. allosteric site
32. it changes the shape of the active site and substrate can no longer bind and no end product is made
33. similar; different
34. endotherms use energy to maintain body temperature; ectotherms internal temperatures change with their environment temperature
35. have offspring in Spring when more food (free energy) is available
36. Note how much energy is in the reactants at the start, note how much energy is in the products at the end; subtract the two values
Answer Key to Unit 2 Cell Structure and Function
1. True
2. Chromatin
3. nucleus
4. lysosome
5. smooth ER
6. chloroplasts
7. mitochondria
8. Golgi apparatus
9. yes
10. Golgi apparatus
11. False
12. Both
13. mitochondria
14. largest ratio
15. recognition protein
16. enzymatic protein
17. Look at your notes and be able to recognize.
18. no
19. no
20. yes
21. yes
22. yes
23. facilitated transport, active transport
24. diffusion (passive transport)
25. active transport
26. true
27. in
28. glucose moves out, starch stays in the bag-too big, water moves in
29. small
30. lysosome
31. Animal cells: hypertonic-shrinks, hypotonic-grows and explodes, isotonic-stays the same Plant cells: hypertonic-only cell membrane shrinks-not cell wall, hypotonic-only the cell membrane grows-not cell wall, isotonic-stays the same
32. more stuff!!
33. See your notes and the picture we drew and labeled. Also remember the build a membrane model from class.
34. Water still moves towards more stuff. If water moves into thistle tube, the level in tube goes up and beaker goes down, and vice versa. Also, look at your notes.
35. high; low
36. golgi apparatus, chloroplast, mitochondria, ER
37. iso-
38. out of cell; into cell
39. diffusion
40. barrier, cell recognition(markers), controls what goes in and out of cell, communication
41. inside vesicles
42. Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Both
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Both
Eukaryotic
43. where it crosses the 0% change
44. Use the molarity from graph for C and then plug in numbers
45. photosynthetic bacteria invaded amoeba like organism and formed a mutualistic symbiotic relationship
46. aerobically respirating bacteria invaded amoeba like organism and formed a mutualistic symbiotic relationship
47. have own DNA and it is circular DNA, have own ribosomes that are the same type as bacteria, double membrane, same size as bacteria, can make their own proteins, can self-replicate
Answer Key to Unit 1 Chemistry of Life Review Sheet
1. 3; 2
2. cytosine, thymine
3. polymer; monomer; polymer; polymer; polymer; monomer
4. isomers
5. CH
6. 4
7. amino acids
8. starch, glycogen
9. cellulose, chitin
10. chitin
11. steroid (lipid)
12. phospholipid
13. True
14. deoxyribose
15. A T C G
16. True
17. Sugars and phosphates
18. nitrogen bases
19. sugar, phosphate, base
20. true
21. R
22. True
23. True
24. True
25. yes
26. yes
27. 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
28. when proteins (enzymes) lose their shape and stop working
29. no
30. yes
31. extreme temperature and pH
32. True
33. high energy bonds
34. True
35. amino and acid (carboxyl)
36. DNA, RNA, ATP
37. glycerol
38. glycogen
39. glucose (alpha)
40. 4 fused rings
41. amino acids
42. amino and acid group
43. Use your notes to sketch. Formulas are COOH, NH2, and PO4
44. Use packet to sketch. Head is hydrophilic and tails are hydrophobic.
45. nucleotides
glucose
fatty acids; glycerol
amino acids
46. Look at your packet page 15.
47. dotted lines with a H on one side
48. saturated fats have only single C-C bonds (saturated with H) and unsaturated fats have a C=C double bond (some H are missing)
49. TTGCAG
50. unequally
51. amino acids
52. covalent
53. sequence of amino acids
54. when local areas start to form alpha helix or beta sheet
55. twisting and folding into a 3-D shape
56. when 2 or more polypeptides exist
57. hydrogen
58. Use your notes and packet.
59. ionic
60. Use your notes and packet.
61. 5' end attaches to the phosphate
62. False
63. Starch is made of alpha glucose and forms long brancing chains. Cellulose is made of beta glucose and forms unbrached chains and tight fibers.
64. Starch functions as energy storage; provides glucose when needed for energy. Cellulose functions as support structure; it makes up cell walls.
65. Starch's branching allows enzymes to fit and simulataneously break down the starch releasing glucose quickly for energy source in cellular respiration. Cellulose's tight fibers make it strong for support and it cannot be digested.
66. Look at page 10 in packet.
67. remove excess H+ and OH-
68. hydrophilic;hydrophobic; hydrophilic
69. 2
70. 13
71. 7
72. 1000X
73. decreases; increases
74. H+; OH-
75. 7
76. Look at your notes to sketch. O is negative and H is positive.
77. Polar and H bonds
78. dehydration synthesis
79. Look at your notes and pick 3.
80. negative, orbital; neutral, nucleus; positive, nucleus
AP Biology Answer Key for Unit 7 Part 2 Evolution (Cladograms and Speciation)
1. Punctuated equilibrium graph should resemble stairs. Gradualism graph should resemble a gently sloping upward straight line. Look at notes.
2. Mate individuals and see if they can produce viable fertile offspring. Same chromosome #.
3. Look at your packet.
4. It is the one most removed that does not share the derived traits but does share a common ancestor.
5. Look at your packet.
6. When a shared trait appears, all species from that point on the cladogram will have it. Look at notes and packet.
7. Anaerobic heterotrophs --> give off CO2 --> Anaerobic autotrophs --> give off O2 --> aerobic organisms
8. Mechanisms that isolate after a zygote is formed. Ex: hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility, hybrid reduced fertility
9. Mechansims that prevent the zygote (fertilization from occuring).
10. Temporal isolation: timing issues, behavioral isolation: wrong song, ritual, etc. wrong mating behavior, gamete isolation: egg and sperm cannot survive in the same environment, mechanical isolation: genetalia are incompatible, habitat isolation: individuals do not encounter one another
11. geographic or physical
12. long periods of stasis (no evolution and change) interrupted by brief, rapid periods of evolution and change
13. geographic or physical
14. Ex: insects that camouflage to different backgrounds cannot mate because of the presence of predators, polyploidy
15. organic molecules (amino acids) were formed from inorganic molecules but no living organisms
16. genetic code, glycolysis, molecular building blocks
AP Biology Answer Key to UNIT 1 Review Sheet Multiple Choice: Chemistry of Life
1. negative, neutral, positive
2. 1/1800, 1, 1
3. orbital, nucleus, nucleus
4. 2
5. 8
6. no
7. none, neutral
8. neutrons and protons
9. it will not react with others
10. give them up, accept them, share them
11. isotopes
12. Look at notes, top # is protons + neutrons; bottome # is protons only
13. give up, positively
14. accept, negatively
15. covalent
16. reduced
17. oxidized
18. solid, dotted
19. gives them up or accepts them
20. negative, positive, unequally
21. loss of electrons, gain of electrons
22. covalent
23. no THIS ISN"T ON THE TEST!!
24. REMOVE excess H+ and OH- ions
25. water fearing, water loving
26. non-ionized, non polar(hydrophobic); ionized, polar (hydrophilic)
27.1
28. 10
29. 7
30. go up
31. go down
32. 1000X
33. OH
34. 7
35. H+
36. logarithmic
37. Look at your notes
38. unequally
39. H-O-H , H are +, O are -
40. H-bonds to itself and polar
41. Look at notes, ex: high heat of vaporization; H-bonds hard to break; allows animals to sweat and cool off
42. different neutrons, different mass
